Types of Heating Oil: A Detailed Overview

Heating oil is a widely used fuel source for residential and commercial heating systems, especially in colder regions where reliable heating is essential. While "heating oil" is often used as a general term, there are several different types, each suited for specific applications. Understanding these types can help consumers choose the right fuel for their heating needs, considering factors like climate, equipment compatibility, cost, and environmental impact.

1. No. 2 Heating Oil (Home Heating Oil)

No. 2 heating oil is the most common type used in homes. It is a petroleum-based distillate fuel that closely resembles diesel fuel. In fact, its essentially the same as on-road diesel, but dyed red to indicate its for off-road use and not subject to road taxes.

This fuel is stored in tanks and used in oil-fired furnaces and boilers to heat air or water. It offers a high energy output per gallon, making it an efficient and dependable choice for residential heating. No. 2 oil is best suited for indoor or underground tanks in regions with moderate to cold climates.

2. No. 1 Heating Oil (Kerosene)

No. 1 heating oil, more commonly known as kerosene, is a lighter and more refined version of No. 2 oil. It has a lower viscosity and a lower pour point, meaning it wont gel as easily in freezing temperatures. This makes it ideal for outdoor fuel tanks or extremely cold environments.

Kerosene is also used in portable space heaters, mobile homes, and older systems that cannot handle heavier fuels. It burns cleaner than heavier oils, reducing carbon buildup and maintenance on heating equipment.

3. Bioheat Fuel (Biodiesel Blends)

Bioheat is a newer, environmentally friendly heating fuel that blends traditional No. 2 heating oil with biodiesel. Biodiesel is made from renewable resources such as soybean oil, animal fats, and recycled cooking grease. The percentage of biodiesel in Bioheat can varycommon blends include B5 (5%), B10, and B20.

Bioheat burns cleaner than standard heating oil, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping to extend the life of heating equipment. It can be used in existing oil-burning systems without modification, making it an easy upgrade for homeowners looking to reduce their carbon footprint.

4. No. 4 and No. 6 Heating Oils (Industrial Use)

Heavier grades like No. 4 and No. 6 heating oil are typically used in industrial or large commercial buildings.

• No. 4 oil is a blend of No. 2 and No. 6 oil, used in some commercial boilers where fuel cost is a major consideration.

• No. 6 oil, also known as bunker oil, is very thick and must be pre-heated before it can be pumped or burned. Its used in ships, factories, and power plants.

Because of their high sulfur content and environmental concerns, these heavier oils are being phased out in many areas.

Conclusion

Choosing the right type of heating oil depends on several factors: the climate you live in, your heating system, your budget, and your environmental values. While No. 2 oil remains the standard for homes, alternatives like kerosene and Bioheat offer advantages in certain conditions. For industrial needs, heavier oils may still be used, though their usage is declining. Knowing the differences ensures safe, efficient, and eco-conscious heating.